Antiquities of ancient Egypt

Antiquities of ancient Egypt

Antiquities of ancient Egypt

Written by Alaa Jarrar - Last updated: 18:15, 21 January 2020

Related Antiquities of ancient Egypt Information about the ancient Egyptian monuments An expression of the effects of ancient Egypt The subject of an expression on the effects of Egypt

Contents:

1 Antiquities of Egypt

2 Pharaonic monuments

• The Pyramids of Giza
• The Sphinx
• The Temple of Hatshepsut
• The Sanfrew Oblique Pyramid
• The Pyramid of Djoser
• Luxor Temple
• The Red Pyramid
• Valley of the Kings
• Abu Simbel
• Karnak

3 Islamic monuments

• Mosque of Amr ibn al-As
• Al-Azhar Mosque
• Ibn Tulun Mosque

4 other effects

• Dandara Temple Complex
• The Kalabsha Temple
• Temples of Philae Island
• Fortress of Babylon
• Sarabium Temple
• mast mast
• The tombs of Kom el Shoqafa
• Roman Theater
• The Hanging Church

5 References

Antiquities of Egypt

The ancient Egyptian civilization continued for three thousand years, when its kings left landmarks that reduced a huge amount of skill and knowledge in architecture and arts. Many of their relics are still standing to this day and in good condition. Many pyramids, temples and sphinxes still attract tourists from all over the world Thousands of years after its construction, [1] as the pyramids were associated with Egyptian civilization in people's minds despite their presence in many other ancient civilizations; Like the Chinese civilization and the Mayan civilization. [2]

Pharaonic antiquities Giza Pyramids

The three pyramids of Giza were built on a rocky plateau located on the west bank of the Nile near Giza in northern Egypt. These pyramids were one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, in addition to being chosen as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979 AD, and the three pyramids are known by the names of the ruler who Built during his reign, the first pyramids were built in the far north in the era of King Khufu, the second king of the Fourth Dynasty, and he was called the Khufu pyramid, as it is called the Great Pyramid, where the length of each side of its base is 230 meters, and the height is The real is about 147 meters. [3] The middle pyramid of King Khafre, the fourth king of the Fourth Dynasty was built, and he was called Khafre pyramid. During the reign of King Menkaure the fifth king of the Fourth Dynasty, the length of each side of its base reaches 109 meters and its true height reaches about 66 meters. [3] The three pyramids were looted throughout the antiquity and the middle ages, as their precious contents are not found in the inner tombs, in addition to the disappearance of the outer layer of white lime, which led to a decrease in its true height, with the exception of the Khafre pyramid as it retains a layer of white limestone in the upper part of it only. [3]

Sphinx

Is the statue of the Sphinx ( in English: Sphinx) of the oldest known archaeological sculptures, a huge statue of him the body of a lion and the face of a man is located on the Giza Plateau, the location of the pyramids of the Kingdom of ancient three most famous; The pyramid of King Khufu, the pyramid of King Khafre, the son of King Khufu, and the pyramid of King Menkaure, the grandson of King Khufu, and some scholars believe that the face of the statue was the embodiment of the face of King Khafra, and the length of the statue is about 73.5 meters, and the highest height of it from the surface of the earth is about 20 meters, and returns Interpretation of the shape of the Sphinx that the king built to serve as a means of observing the pyramids and guardians of temples in the area, and the nose of the statue is lost during the reign of Napoleon. [4]

Hatshepsut Temple

The Temple of Hatshepsut was built in 1458 BC, and it is located on a slope on the western side of the city of Luxor, and this site was distinguished as a holy place for the god Hathor, as it was used as a monastery after entering the Christian religion, hence its name named Deir el-Bahari, the temple consists of three levels, and the Polish National Academy of Sciences was responsible for the restoration of these three levels, where the ruins of the Anubis Church at the northern end of the second level of the temple were discovered, and the statue of Osiris standing in front of one of The columns are in the third level of the temple. [5]

The oblique pyramid of Senefru

The first pyramid of Senefru is considered to be the first pyramid to be built-in the village of Dahshur. Where it was built according to the different angles of the pyramid, where construction began at an angle of 54 to 55 degrees, and at a height of 45 meters the angle of inclination has decreased to 43 degrees, and there are many views that some believe are a reason for the different angle of the pyramid, including that King Snefru, had realized His pyramid began to collapse due to the slope of the angle of inclination, so he decided to reduce the angle in order to avoid its collapse, while the second belief was that construction work had continued for a long time, and then King Senefru decided to reduce the angle to reduce the remaining amount of construction and speed up the construction process, and some suggest that the reason is due to an unknown religious purpose except it's A cause is not acceptable to many scientists. [6]

The Pyramid of Djoser

The Pyramid of Djoser was discovered during Napoleon's military campaigns in the period between 1798 AD and 1801 A.D., Djoser was the first king of the Third Dynasty and was the first to build a stone after it became common to build tombs of dry clay bricks. Up, forming a step pyramid, where it started with a square terrace with a height of about six meters, in contrast to what was common in the construction of the pyramids with a rectangular base, then Amhotep completed the construction with rectangular pans and the reason for this was not known. at that time. [7]

Luxor temple

Luxor Temple dates back to 1392 BC on the eastern bank of the Nile and was dedicated to the gods Mut, Khonsu, and Amun, and it contains ten sections and the entrance extends for 61 meters and the temple includes many important landmarks Of the Egyptian civilization; As the court of Ramesses II, the court of Amenhotep III, the Church of Death, the Church of Khonsu, the Church of Amun, the Hall of Birth, the Sphinx and the Roman camp, the walls of the temple were constructed of clay bricks; This is to achieve the symbolic separation between the Egyptians and their gods. [8]

The Red Pyramid

The Red Pyramid is considered to be the oldest pyramid ever in the world, and it was called the Red Pyramid because of the red covering layer that appeared after the white limestone layer disappeared. Architects built the Red Pyramid at an angle of 43 degrees, i.e. the same angle as the upper part of Milan From the pyramid of Senefru, the pyramid consists of an entrance containing 125 degrees of steepness going up and then down, in addition to a corridor about 63 meters long leading to two rooms with roofs up to 12 meters in height, and another room with a vault believed to belong to Senphro. [9]

Valley of the Kings

Valley of the Kings is considered a land taken during the modern kingdom in Egypt to bury the kings of the pharaohs; Tutankhamun, Seti the First, Ramesses the Second, and other priests and queens. This valley is considered one of the most famous tombs in Egyptian civilization, and is located on the West Bank of the Nile near Luxor. [10] The ancient pharaohs were busy leaving traces of them on the surface of the earth, but they spent a lot of time and effort in creating shrines underground, where they used embalming to preserve their bodies because they believed in the continuation of life after death, as they were burying all the physical tools; Such as the furniture, clothes, and jewelry that they believed the king would need in the next life, in addition to providing the grave with enough food and drinks to hold celebrations in the next life in their belief, and they were adding sacred things for them to the grave, thinking that it would help the deceased to achieve eternal life. [10]

Abu Simbel

Abu Simbel Temple engraved in the rock is located on the West Bank of the Nile, south of Aswan, where the temple area was surrounded by brick walls and the temple took place between the sandstone slopes and the Nile River and two sides were surrounded by two barriers with a group Of the falcons and statues of King Ramses, the temple was built during the reign of Pharaoh Ramses II in 1257 BC, as was the site before that of the holy sites of King Hathor. [11] The temple is characterized by longitudinal entry of sunlight into it twice a year; On the twenty-second of February and the twenty-second of October, where the light meets the back wall of the deepest shrine and the statues of the four deities sitting there. 1964 AD and 1966 AD 61 meters above the original site of the temple. [11]

Crank

The complex effects of the temples of Karnak, one of the largest complexes of old witness to the power of the ancient Pharaonic civilization despite the damage done to him, and the most important temples and monuments in the Temple of Karnak complex as follows: [12]

Sphinx Street:

Avenue of Sphinxes (English: Avenue of Sphinxes) is located at the entrance to the complex, surrounded on both sides by statues of the Sphinx, and there is a statue of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu outside the Karnak complex on the road leading to Luxor.

The Great Temple of Amun: The Great Temple of Amun is the main temple in Karnak. It has undergone many additions and improvements over the centuries, as is the case with all ancient Egyptian temples. However, the main form currently visible in its construction belongs to the Pharaoh Tuthmosis the First. He expanded it to fit the power and majesty of the gods and king.

First booth Sisostras: booth is located Sisostras the first (English: The Kiosk of Sesostris) north of the Great Temple of Amun, one of the oldest structures in the Karnak complex, as it was built of limestone, was held to celebrate the royal jubilee.

Petah Temple: Temple of Ptah ( in English: The Temple of Ptah) was built by King Thutmose III, has been expanded and renovated during the reign of the ruling Ethiopian Habana and some of the Ptolemies, and begins with the entrance of the temple from the west by five consecutive gates.

Northern Temple: accessible to the northern temple (area English: Northern Temple Precinct) through the Temple of Ptah, has been built the north gate of the temple by King Ptolemy.

The Temple of Monto: The Temple of Montu (in English: Temple of Montu) is located inside the northern temple, and was built by Amenhotep III and was expanded several times to the Ptolemaic era, and the remaining traces of sculptures and architectural elements in the temple show the extent of the technical skills that existed at that time.

Temple of Ramses II: The Temple of Ramses II was built in the vicinity of the eastern exit of the Great Temple of Amun, and to the left of it is another temple of King Ramses II. The East Gate: The East Gate is located east of Ramses II, and the gate is located in brick-built walls of about 19 meters high.

The Sacred Lake: The Sacred Lake is located to the south of Ramses II's wall surrounding the Temple of Amun, known as the Navigation Pool. This is because of the extreme salinity of its water.

Temple of Khonsu: The Temple of Khonsu was built by Ramses III, one of the most important symbols of architecture in the New Kingdom, and is accessed through a large tower about 32 meters long. The Temple of Osiris and Opet is located on the southwestern side of the Temple of Khonsu, and has been built on a base nearly three meters above the ground level.

Temple of Death: Temple of Death ( in English: Temple of Mut) built by King Amenhotep III, and there at the entrance to the temple columns carrying figures god Pace, as the entrance also contains inscriptions dating back to the Ptolemaic period.

Southern Temple Precinct: The temple was built during the reign of Horemheb, and its stones were taken from the temple of Amenhotep IV.

Temple of Osiris: The temple was built by Osorkon III, opposite the eastern wall of the Karnak Archeological Complex.

Islamic antiquities Mosque of Amr ibn al-As

Bani Amr ibn Mosque Aas in 641 AD after the mystery companion Amr Ibn al - Roman rulers in Egypt in 640 AD and the mosque was a center for the growth of the city of Fustat around and prosperity was also used stone, wood, clay bricks to build it, and some remained monuments very old mosque - framed The doors, as the mosque was destroyed and restored several times throughout its history, and one of the most important leaders who restored it was Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi in 1179 AD, after his defeat of the Crusaders. [13]

Al Azhar mosque

The Al-Azhar Mosque was established by the Fatimid Al-Fatimid Jawhar al-Skalli in 970 CE, when it was a mosque that gathered the residents of New Cairo City, then a university was established in 988 AD, and it is characterized by the presence of corridors separated by marble columns topped by circular arches, in addition to the presence of the courtyard surrounded by three galleries, which was completed The addition of a fourth portico during the reign of the Caliph Al-Hafiz, as the mosque contains many motifs painted in plaster. [14]

Ibn Tulun Mosque

The history of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun dates back to Ahmad ibn Tulun, who was the ruler of Fustat during the reign of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mamun. This mosque was used to hold Fatimid celebrations in the month of Ramadan, but it was destroyed in the twelfth century, but it was restored and re-used again as a kind of school During the Mamluk era, the mosque is considered one of the symbols that express the dominance of the Samaritan culture, as it is built entirely of red brick, and has a spiral stone minaret, and Andalusian influence also appears in the architectural façades and window shapes, where curved windows in the form of a horseshoe are used Q. The reason for the Andalusian influence is due to the resettlement of the Andalusian Muslim refugees in Egypt. [15]

Other effects Dandara Temple Complex

The temple complex located in Dandara is considered one of the most famous groupings of temples in Egypt, located 2.5 kilometers east of the Dandara area, and an area of ​​about 40,000 square meters. Among the most important temples in this gathering is the Temple of Hathor and The birth of Isis, surrounded by mud walls separating it from the Roman stalls, in addition to the presence of a gate dating back to the time of Emperor Trajan and Emperor Domitian leading to a large open courtyard leading to the Temple of Hathor. [16]

Kalabsha Temple

The Temple of Kalabsha is located in Aswan, and it was moved from its location to another location in Aswan in 1970 AD and it was built of sandstone in the period from 30 BC to 14 BC during the reign of the Roman Emperor August, and was intended for the Nubian sun god, in addition to that it was a model for building in the Ptolemaic period, as it contains towers, a courtyard, a hall of columns, and three rooms that were used as shelters and the temple was built on the remains of a small church, as many buildings appear in the building From inscriptions and decorations dating back to the period between 360 AD to 550 AD, in addition to the presence of writings dating back to the middle of the century Fifth century. [17]

Temples of Philae

Island Philae Island is located in the Nile River between the ancient Aswan Dam and the Aswan High Dam in southern Egypt, and the name Philae belongs to Greek origins, as the name "Pilak" of the island is derived from the Copts and means the distant place, and the island is known locally as the Anas Palace, which is the name He refers to a legend in the novel "One Thousand and One Nights," and in the island a place that was attractive to erect ancient temples and shrines due to its height above the river's flood level, extending along the length of 460 meters and a width of 150 meters. The island was chosen as one of the UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1979 AD. [18]

Philae Island gained great importance over time, as it was devoted to the worship of the god Isis, as the temple of Isis, was constructed during the reign of Ptolemy II and Ptolemy III, and was decorated during the reign of Roman Emperor Augustus and Emperor Tiberius, and Emperor Hadrian established a gate west of the synagogue complex and many have been discovered From the temples before being partially inundated with Nile River water; As a temple to Imhotep and a temple to Hathor, the decorations and paintings in the temples were damaged. So the temples were moved to the high island of Agilkia, where they were rebuilt in the same old form in the 1980s. [18]

Babylon Fortress

The Babylon Fortress building dates back to the sixth century BC during the Persian era. It was built near the slopes of the Nile River, and was then moved to a location closer to the river and its current location by Emperor Trajan; This is due to the problems of water delivery to it, as the Romans took advantage of the strategic fort location near the Nile and used it throughout their rule in Egypt, and the fort flourished by the Arab conquest of Egypt in 640 AD, as the outer walls became tall, and a trench and port were established, in addition to laying a canal linking the fort In the Red Sea, the fortress was also used during the Christian period to control traffic and trade along the Nile River and the channel connecting the fort to the Red Sea, in addition to being a refuge for Coptic Christians who were persecuted by Roman Christians in Alexandria. [19]

Sarabium Temple

The ruins of the Serapeum temple were discovered for the first time in the village of Saqqara in 1850 by the French scientist Auguste Mariette. The temple was dedicated to the worship of the Greek Egyptian god Serapis, but the area was used initially As a cemetery for oxen since 1400 BC, then the main gallery and sub-rooms were designed by Ramses II to form catacombs for burial of bulls and sacred calves of the Pharaohs, and another important Sarabium temple was built in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I, then he ordered the construction of the largest and most famous temples Absolutely. [20]

Mast mast

The Pompey's Pillar is considered one of the most important tourist attractions in Alexandria, as it is one of the largest huge stones over the ancient times, and is located amid the ruins of the Serapeum Temple on a rocky plateau near the Great Sphinx, and was built to celebrate the victory of Emperor Diocletian On a revolution that took place in Alexandria during its control of Egypt, where the pillar was carved from one piece of red granite located in the city of Aswan, whose weight was estimated at about 285 tons, and the diameter of the base is about 2.71 meters, and the total height of the column is about 26.85 meters. [21]

The tombs of Komel Shoqafa

Catacombs of Kom Ash Shuqqafa are the largest Roman burial sites in Egypt, located in Alexandria, and they were discovered by chance in 1900 AD, and they are a testament to the integration of Greek and Pharaonic styles in the construction and the tomb catacombs consist of three levels that reach deep 35 meters, and is entered through a circular staircase that was used to transport the bodies of the dead, and the basements were built in the second century AD as a cellar for a family, and remained for 300 years in use until they evolved to accommodate more than 300 bodies, and it is worth noting that the tombs cause fear for the visitor; As the majority of its walls are not decorated, devoid of decorations and drawings. [22]

Roman Theater

The Roman Amphitheater is one of the most popular places in Alexandria, and it is located specifically in the neighborhood of Kom el-Dikka, which means "hill of rubble"; This is because of the presence of rubble that resembles huge seats in the region, and the Roman Theater in Alexandria is considered one of the most important architectural achievements of the Romans in Egypt, and it was discovered by chance in 1960 AD where steel poles were found during excavation to build a government building on the site. [23]

The hanging Church

The Hanging Church is one of the oldest churches in Egypt, dating back to the second century AD. It was named the Hanging Church due to its construction south of the Babylon Fortress. The church is also distinguished by its unique shape; It has a wooden ceiling in the shape of Noah's ark, and entering the church through iron gates topped with pointed stone arches leading to a nineteenth century façade with towers to ring the bells, and there is a narrow patio that contains drawings of the Bible and another small courtyard leading to a balcony It dates back to the eleventh century

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